tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6974206726901042962024-03-05T14:05:34.041-08:00Professionisti della NaturaValorizzazzione, Monitoraggio e Conservazione delle risorse territoriali AmbientaliProfessionisti della naturahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09500264091312977434noreply@blogger.comBlogger287125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-697420672690104296.post-26412073672750481432009-02-01T07:51:00.000-08:002009-02-01T07:51:00.487-08:00le strutture di base di Cardenoide e bufadienolitele strutture di base di Cardenoide e bufadienolite<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkLdR0hRItPibi2WF0YamNOOwADRoMuBo7M6vDPjiqO69AmURptTBPUEU7jvsx861XQC63s6Ygvslk1Qln5K3ZFgqrCoAHILmYYCV3IP89vhr5owev75ozHrwyCsrgPTIDyWtOUQ0_IWGu/s1600-h/aaaaa.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 138px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkLdR0hRItPibi2WF0YamNOOwADRoMuBo7M6vDPjiqO69AmURptTBPUEU7jvsx861XQC63s6Ygvslk1Qln5K3ZFgqrCoAHILmYYCV3IP89vhr5owev75ozHrwyCsrgPTIDyWtOUQ0_IWGu/s320/aaaaa.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5296748595963184578" border="0" /></a><div style="text-align: left;"><style type="text/css"> <!-- @page { margin: 2cm } P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } --> </style> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><br /></p> <p style="margin-left: -1.25cm; margin-right: -1.25cm; margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"> </p> <p style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">Derivano dal Colesterolo tramite una degradazione ( preceduta da una ossidazione come tutti i processi degradativi biologici), del vecchio colesterolo rimangono solo il C20 e C21. I prodotti sono o Digitossigenina (vedi immagine precedente) per addizione di Acetil-CoA o Bufalina ( diversa solo per la presenza di un ciclo a 6 invece che a 5) per addizione di ossoacetil-CoA.</span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd67nTpK-x1PFL1B6Rr3jpW_sB7VHtYla2bEeNALlsQ0J6kiLZ711vPStMyMuGhJaFkypI5c6w0jIOQdRJIcho1y_aOPtmAObR7vdYaXrb-BNMiSSESCLxUW0XivmjEqBQaFXYnvuyi29d/s1600-h/bbbbbb.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 195px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd67nTpK-x1PFL1B6Rr3jpW_sB7VHtYla2bEeNALlsQ0J6kiLZ711vPStMyMuGhJaFkypI5c6w0jIOQdRJIcho1y_aOPtmAObR7vdYaXrb-BNMiSSESCLxUW0XivmjEqBQaFXYnvuyi29d/s320/bbbbbb.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5296748596355707362" border="0" /></a><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"></p><ul><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">Acidi Biliari</span><span style="font-size:130%;">: presenti come Sali nella bile, la loro funzione è di emulsione nei confronti dei grassi per facilitare così la digestione. Rappresentante principale è l’acido colico:</span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfv8IjvKlwUNoeBaubkMQlXds79THgX9ve5RfEY6hHpgvw9N4v6tDSbQthcXi_OzKxUQvWvJ6WNGtIk1cPdHi4UTuWcBbbGcEL5EC9_0czssTAhFKhGUJxoHx9Tv-mF7gdU-UwYVa5xZ50/s1600-h/cccccc.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 182px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfv8IjvKlwUNoeBaubkMQlXds79THgX9ve5RfEY6hHpgvw9N4v6tDSbQthcXi_OzKxUQvWvJ6WNGtIk1cPdHi4UTuWcBbbGcEL5EC9_0czssTAhFKhGUJxoHx9Tv-mF7gdU-UwYVa5xZ50/s320/cccccc.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5296748601916791698" border="0" /></a></p> </li></ul> <p style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">Esiste anche l’acido deossicolico, dove al posto dell’ossidrile al C7 c’è un H:</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWiPJifiEBtzNkKKfUJbHeZcWq3DYpBm4X4rwbfSeKy8j84EB0t_klfxIpsvVbua3lbvhQ-u9GY07hyphenhyphenSVmOMSXP6oreqP6H2t4GLGSDu_jAUxp1atsQ-1KIXCaBT8lKhOD14xMYBWe0R5X/s1600-h/dddddd.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 127px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWiPJifiEBtzNkKKfUJbHeZcWq3DYpBm4X4rwbfSeKy8j84EB0t_klfxIpsvVbua3lbvhQ-u9GY07hyphenhyphenSVmOMSXP6oreqP6H2t4GLGSDu_jAUxp1atsQ-1KIXCaBT8lKhOD14xMYBWe0R5X/s320/dddddd.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5296748607962848162" border="0" />Massimo Capobianco</a></p> </div>Professionisti della naturahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09500264091312977434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-697420672690104296.post-1245181865689566932009-02-01T07:45:00.000-08:002009-02-01T07:45:00.368-08:00Scrofulariacee contro il colesteroloFra i farmaci cardiocinetici, detti anche cardiotonici o cardenolidi, spiccano alcune sostanze estratte dai fiori, della digitale, nome comune di diverse piante del genere Digitalis la più importante delle quali è la Digitalis purpurea; meno importanti la Digitalis alba e la Digitalis lanata.<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://biology.missouristate.edu/Herbarium/Plants%20of%20the%20Interior%20Highlands/Flowers/Penstemon%20cobaea%20ver,%20purpureus%20-%208.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 590px; height: 442px;" src="http://biology.missouristate.edu/Herbarium/Plants%20of%20the%20Interior%20Highlands/Flowers/Penstemon%20cobaea%20ver,%20purpureus%20-%208.jpg" alt="" border="0" /></a><style type="text/css"> <!-- @page { margin: 2cm } P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } --> </style> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Famiglia</span>: <span style="font-style: italic;">Scrofulariaceae</span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Parte utilizzata</span>: <span style="font-style: italic;">foglie (Digitalis purpurea folia F.U.)</span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Costituenti principali</span>: </span> </p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: italic;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">-glucosidi cardioattivi : digitossina, digitossigenina, gitalossigenina.</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: italic;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">-digitanol-eterosidi: digitalonina,digìnoside, digifolei</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><br /></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">I derivati attivi sono principalmente due: la digossina e la digitossina. La digitonina è un altro glicoside digitalico che però non ha effetti sul cuore e viene principalmente sfruttato per il suo potere tensioattivo.</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">Come meccanismo d'azione, si deve tener conto del fatto che tali derivati sono veleni cellulari: la loro azione farmacologica deriva da ciò, ma ovviamente questo determina anche una intrinseca pericolosità nell'impiego di tali sostanze. I digitalici hanno dunque un'efficacia altissima, ma sono dotati di una tossicità alta e prolungata nel tempo, che solo recentemente si è potuta revertire con l'impiego di farmaci ad azione antidotica, che si opponessero ad eventuali azioni tossiche in caso di iperdosaggio.<br /></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify">Massimo Capobianco </p>Professionisti della naturahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09500264091312977434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-697420672690104296.post-11062808015473179202009-02-01T07:36:00.000-08:002009-02-01T07:36:00.445-08:00saponine terpenotiche<style type="text/css"> <!-- @page { margin: 2cm } P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } --> </style> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">Per le saponine Terpenoidiche si parte dallo Squalene, o meglio lo squalene in forma ossidata fino ad arrivare a lupeolo, </span><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:130%;">α e β amirina, taraxsterolo, cioè C30, triterpeni a tutti gli effetti.</span></span></p> <ul><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">Glicosidi Cardioattivi: molecole di questo gruppo di sostanze sono caratterizzate da una parte “attiva” rappresentata da una struttura fenantrenica e steroidea (un ciclopentanoperidrofenantrene), cui è legato ad una estremità un anello lattonico ed all'altra, in posizione 3, una sequenza di zuccheri (digitossosio); </span> </p> </li></ul> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">è per la presenza di questi zuccheri che queste molecole sono dette glicosidi cardioattivi:</span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigcGxfzCFq7R5VYO9HoW1bSbGcT5esCZEiV7d-X7sXvZ1XI7IeZpULqcl9ueS4H2CS2gTsmnFsof6RMwA4xHhXNu96TSNklge51U5xcAjZYWyY5nt0st5iLrMRc5ajrmY3X5Ez5-3lbeme/s1600-h/aaaaa.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 249px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigcGxfzCFq7R5VYO9HoW1bSbGcT5esCZEiV7d-X7sXvZ1XI7IeZpULqcl9ueS4H2CS2gTsmnFsof6RMwA4xHhXNu96TSNklge51U5xcAjZYWyY5nt0st5iLrMRc5ajrmY3X5Ez5-3lbeme/s320/aaaaa.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5296741503632076402" border="0" /></a></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">Fra i farmaci cardiocinetici, detti anche cardiotonici o cardenolidi, spiccano alcune sostanze estratte dai fiori, della digitale, nome comune di diverse piante del genere Digitalis la più importante delle quali è la Digitalis purpurea; meno importanti la Digita</span><span style="font-size:130%;">lis alba e la Digitalis lanata.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify">Massimo Capobianco</p><p style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><style type="text/css"> <!-- @page { margin: 2cm } P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } --> </style> </p>Professionisti della naturahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09500264091312977434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-697420672690104296.post-86724934164080753582009-02-01T06:19:00.000-08:002009-02-01T06:19:00.478-08:00Per le saponine Steroidee (es. Dioscina) si parte dal Colesterolo:Per le saponine Steroidee (es. Dioscina) si parte dal Colesterolo:<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYKJHW3lggYzOjyR7FQynleRvJ64_r8LFta4DNBBkdxaduwyaYggu7s4TPnnzrAyceC0A7qWIKxGBVHkMkvFCD3UaDC0ocdABGB-QFVoPjfq7p2rGxgWUmCxkz1ryZITx4PBYVC6PVf955/s1600-h/cccccc.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYKJHW3lggYzOjyR7FQynleRvJ64_r8LFta4DNBBkdxaduwyaYggu7s4TPnnzrAyceC0A7qWIKxGBVHkMkvFCD3UaDC0ocdABGB-QFVoPjfq7p2rGxgWUmCxkz1ryZITx4PBYVC6PVf955/s320/cccccc.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5296720786355497714" border="0" /></a><br />Massimo CapobiancoProfessionisti della naturahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09500264091312977434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-697420672690104296.post-54410001458568682942009-02-01T06:11:00.000-08:002009-02-01T06:11:00.431-08:00dove si possono accumulare gli steroidi?: sono i residui di zuccherriI residui zuccherini sono presenti in numero variabile da una a sei unità. Le sapogenine hanno, invece, una struttura più complessa, riconducibile a due gruppi:<br /><br />1.Triterpenico;<br /><br />2.Steroideo.<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhovKoRpfuVDduCmff2_LjV4FavnTdd8BC83zmQAieY09cwf9J2IrGn9w3kCRUz52UrW8vavQUn-FxtlOVRNWXMpweIGIPGmCeV2UFMNNCmiBAUgWgnYYc69CtQlv2L_t0iPL3i0q8xxYvQ/s1600-h/dddddd.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhovKoRpfuVDduCmff2_LjV4FavnTdd8BC83zmQAieY09cwf9J2IrGn9w3kCRUz52UrW8vavQUn-FxtlOVRNWXMpweIGIPGmCeV2UFMNNCmiBAUgWgnYYc69CtQlv2L_t0iPL3i0q8xxYvQ/s320/dddddd.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5296718667145008066" border="0" /></a><style type="text/css"> <!-- @page { margin: 2cm } P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } --> </style> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">Le saponine a nucleo triterpenico (come la glicirrizina della liquirizia o l'escina dell'ippocastano) hanno una struttura pentaciclica a 3</span><span style="font-size:130%;">0 atomi di carbonio mentre quelle a nucleo steroideo ne hanno una di base con 27 carboni (spesso la catena alifatica è trasformata in due anelli eterociclici).</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">In terapia, al momento, alle saponine di alcune piante viene riconosciuta attività antiinfiammatoria, cicatrizzante (come nella liquirizia) ed antiedemigena (come nell' ippocastano).</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">Spesso le saponine sono usate nell'industria per la successiva produzione di ormoni steroidei (come, ad esempio, il testosterone ed il cortisolo)</span></p><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjj75hkI4SE4iL2tVMmxIrFqeUTcUxurhJ8rkFq9cYDfXUV3N7MYE2ZzRws8BDYbwMSqQtmdjIiGaXkgf-I2zRhsaMi37JqCnZqXMNMf1Mt1CyiRIVUgqEZ_wx5q0lbUL46NT85Ng5Pv_A/s1600-h/cccccc.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 192px; height: 134px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjj75hkI4SE4iL2tVMmxIrFqeUTcUxurhJ8rkFq9cYDfXUV3N7MYE2ZzRws8BDYbwMSqQtmdjIiGaXkgf-I2zRhsaMi37JqCnZqXMNMf1Mt1CyiRIVUgqEZ_wx5q0lbUL46NT85Ng5Pv_A/s320/cccccc.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5296719049392852802" border="0" /><style type="text/css"> <!-- @page { margin: 2cm } P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } --> </style> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size:130%;">CORTISOLO</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="center">Massimo Capobianco</p> </a>Professionisti della naturahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09500264091312977434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-697420672690104296.post-86789208351534644102009-02-01T06:05:00.000-08:002009-02-01T06:05:00.428-08:00la pianta di saponina a funzioni depurative<style type="text/css"> <!-- @page { margin: 2cm } P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } --> </style> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">La pianta di saponina ha proprietà principalmente depurative, diuretiche, sudorifere e toniche. Con la saponina si può preparare un buon shampoo per capelli fragili. L'alto contenuto di saponine hanno meritato il nome a questa pianta che veniva utilizzata dal popolo come detersivo. </span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.naturephoto-cz.eu/pic/bilek/saponina-0269.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 246px; height: 371px;" src="http://www.naturephoto-cz.eu/pic/bilek/saponina-0269.jpg" alt="" border="0" /></a> </p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">Nome volgare: Saponina</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">Famiglia: Cariofillacee</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">Principi attivi:</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">-saponine</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">-mucillagini</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">-resine</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><br /></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">Dalla pianta della saponina si ricava un decotto che può essere usato come shampoo rinforzante per capelli fragili e sfibrati o per detergere le pelli delicate.</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">Con il decotto di saponina ci si può anche risciacquare l'epidermide colpita da acne o da psoriasi. </span> </p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">Curiosità: la saponina è una sostanza presente nei gambi, nel</span><span style="font-size:130%;">le foglie e soprattutto nelle radici, grazie alla quale appunto esercita il suo delicato, ma profondo, potere detergente.</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">Un decotto di saponaria, ottenuto facendo bollire le diverse parti della pianta in acqua piovana, è molto adatto a ridare splendore a tessuti antichi i cui colori siano stati offuscati dalla polvere e dal tempo.</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">Strutturalmente, le saponine sono formate dall'unione di residui zuccherini (come glucosio, fruttosio, galattosio, arabinosio od altri) con una molecola non zuccherina detta aglicone (nel caso specifico anche sapogenina). Questa struttura particolare è la responsabile dell'attività detergente delle saponine in quanto gli zuccheri formano una sezione idrosolubile mentre l'aglicone risulta essere liposolubile.</span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj60sv5UQKYdCn2HSFmm9cuc0LjzsC39jtzSY-wpgpFihPJXEvqzEEecWnrlAHet1C7Kmd-TE4kcwH3bp2o9jqDdvDg-BdoqqZkPs0ohgxBzCWtqv0RvI7g4ACL06Cvz_1d8HU2gWukhRuM/s1600-h/cccccc.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 248px; height: 246px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj60sv5UQKYdCn2HSFmm9cuc0LjzsC39jtzSY-wpgpFihPJXEvqzEEecWnrlAHet1C7Kmd-TE4kcwH3bp2o9jqDdvDg-BdoqqZkPs0ohgxBzCWtqv0RvI7g4ACL06Cvz_1d8HU2gWukhRuM/s320/cccccc.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5296717253289208706" border="0" /></a></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><br /></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><br /></p> Massimo Capobianco <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"></p>Professionisti della naturahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09500264091312977434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-697420672690104296.post-7256020908924959412009-02-01T06:01:00.000-08:002009-02-01T06:01:00.714-08:00Classificazione degli Steroidi:<span style="font-weight: bold;">Classificazione degli Steroidi:</span><br /><br />Saponine: glicosidi di origine vegetale che prendono il nome dalla Saponaria officinalis, da cui furono riscontrati per la prima volta.<br /><br />Sono in grado di abbassare la tensione superficiale in soluzioni acquose; sono capaci di formare soluzioni colloidali schiumeggianti e si possono usare come emulsionanti.<br />L'iniezione per via parenterale di questi composti determina emolisi.<br /><br />L'assunzione per via orale, invece, non produce quest’effetto velenoso in quanto l'attività emolitica delle saponine si esplica solo se la molecola rimane intatta, cosa che durante la digestione non avviene in quanto essa viene scissa nei due suoi componenti.<br />In animali a sangue freddo e nei pesci le saponine risultano tossiche in ogni caso per cui nel passato piante contenenti queste sostanze sono state usate come veleni per la caccia.<br />Si ritiene che le saponine siano utilizzate dalle piante come sistemi difensivi contro organismi patogeni, in particolare funghi. In alcuni casi esse sono già presenti; altre volte vengono sintetizzate da dei precursori nel caso in cui la pianta abbia subito un danno.<br /><br />Massimo CapobiancoProfessionisti della naturahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09500264091312977434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-697420672690104296.post-85635725750281431362009-02-01T05:51:00.000-08:002009-02-01T05:51:00.492-08:00cosa procura il colesterolo?<!-- @page { margin: 2cm } P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } </style--><span style="font-size:130%;">Altri 19 passaggi portano al Colesterolo:</span><span style="font-size:130%;"> essendo un lipide, è scarsamente solubile in acqua e per essere trasportato nel torrente circolatorio necessita, pertanto, di legarsi a specifiche lipoproteine. Il colesterolo si lega soprat</span><span style="font-size:130%;">utto alle lipoproteine a bassa densità o LDL (il cosiddetto colesterolo cattivo). Si calcola infatti che circa il 60-80% del colesterolo totale sia legato alle LDL. </span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDyuvl9oZMXpmuYHwhZMOFOsa2yOMcOxYkM4BaV9pdpQGGTq2tpuwTBLdT_5J6oYrDKP-fcOadSmXTcmzhVHgIFl4XHhBEjZhTAUT0eCsbffShRwzv1yCo5O7HwUl_-sgWnYS2Va6gNdne/s1600-h/aaaaa.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 262px; height: 111px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDyuvl9oZMXpmuYHwhZMOFOsa2yOMcOxYkM4BaV9pdpQGGTq2tpuwTBLdT_5J6oYrDKP-fcOadSmXTcmzhVHgIFl4XHhBEjZhTAUT0eCsbffShRwzv1yCo5O7HwUl_-sgWnYS2Va6gNdne/s320/aaaaa.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5296714579172390178" border="0" /></a><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"> </p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">Il colesterolo in eccesso legato a tali lipoproteine tende ad accumularsi sull'endotelio delle arterie, formando aggregati sempre più densi fino a generare delle vere e proprie placche, dette ateromi. </span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU0uD2rWr3WrfPxDwIiI_0iXvAYxEafEKqzXQc37XJB-KmKIsOYnt_1_I5e6C-enI1w26o8RfNpWw-3l_0BYpcK3bDMZCkUIW0khtsF2Fzv9ITmiAbosvpnys7W1naHG7r8ln2MTn3TNmq/s1600-h/bbbbbb.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 284px; height: 309px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU0uD2rWr3WrfPxDwIiI_0iXvAYxEafEKqzXQc37XJB-KmKIsOYnt_1_I5e6C-enI1w26o8RfNpWw-3l_0BYpcK3bDMZCkUIW0khtsF2Fzv9ITmiAbosvpnys7W1naHG7r8ln2MTn3TNmq/s320/bbbbbb.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5296714580376757826" border="0" /></a> </p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">Queste placche fanno perdere la naturale elasticità delle arterie e possono causare gravi danni soprattutto al cuore (infarto) o al cervello (ictus) . </span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiRMSv7VU-oa1EnqZImW0-UdMUZTKm2NQESRcHzqTBbq1MC-LEzJmVOZRs2YHMeVzQxcTZc8ReRcxcl4txvpOl6BBLSexwzaJQVyL4o0jPnOOR7EKTO9iaMYoT8lLznI-58h35E6UYkMxO/s1600-h/cccccc.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 287px; height: 227px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiRMSv7VU-oa1EnqZImW0-UdMUZTKm2NQESRcHzqTBbq1MC-LEzJmVOZRs2YHMeVzQxcTZc8ReRcxcl4txvpOl6BBLSexwzaJQVyL4o0jPnOOR7EKTO9iaMYoT8lLznI-58h35E6UYkMxO/s320/cccccc.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5296714578384332642" border="0" /></a> </p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">Il colesterolo buono è invece rappresentato dalle HDL (lipoproteine ad alta densità) che ripuliscono le arterie catturando il colesterolo in eccesso e trasferendolo ai tessuti (soprattutto al fegato), dove viene smaltito.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">Massimo Capobianco<br /></span></p>Professionisti della naturahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09500264091312977434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-697420672690104296.post-30665815569488736092009-02-01T03:48:00.000-08:002009-02-01T03:48:00.928-08:00chimica organica degli steroidi: il colesterolo e la sua sintesi nell'organismo<span style="font-size:130%;">I</span><span style="font-size:130%;">l colesterolo si forma nell’organismo dallo Squalene ( terpene ritrovato la prima volta in uno squalo ma è molto presente negli organismi). Lo squalene si forma dall’acetil-CoA :</span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU1xmTs33tg-qOzqInKVsLf_jbN1n_ZDgVGaLEHFukAHzXsaurfYAB2m_ZTW6K3i8tdF2dBi2REA_JtiwZV5GuyZuZpOEqGr1ioF8WQc7UzsDKzmDZj8QxW0hZulq7G5gX-XU_Rkj6etiV/s1600-h/Immagifgfgf.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 214px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU1xmTs33tg-qOzqInKVsLf_jbN1n_ZDgVGaLEHFukAHzXsaurfYAB2m_ZTW6K3i8tdF2dBi2REA_JtiwZV5GuyZuZpOEqGr1ioF8WQc7UzsDKzmDZj8QxW0hZulq7G5gX-XU_Rkj6etiV/s320/Immagifgfgf.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5295943336577106418" border="0" /></a><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><style type="text/css"> <!-- @page { margin: 2cm } P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } --> </style> </p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>FASE1</b></span><span style="font-size:130%;">: 3 x AcetilCoA producono Mevalonato</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><style type="text/css"> <!-- @page { margin: 2cm } P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } --> </style> </p><ul><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">L’ Acetil-CoA fuoriesce dai mitocondri con la navetta del citrato</span></p> </li></ul> <ul><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">Le prime 2 reazioni sono le stesse viste nella sintesi dei corpi chetonici</span></p> </li></ul> <ul><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">I 2 enzimi coinvolti sono </span>CITOSOLICI<span style="font-size:130%;"> </span> </p> </li></ul> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><style type="text/css"> <!-- @page { margin: 2cm } P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } --> </style> </p><p style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>Fase 2</b></span><span style="font-size:130%;">: mevalonato forma unita’ isoprenoidi attive (isopentenil pirofosfato)</span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiavNKnlAf6ePtd8S5lUf4c6IgmeT5llT1rJWJlne9eaES9wsOAJX0n98zDxfABaWqZl5TYOo4I0jiLrVvDl2fVXM04c7_K8-zPhGN7lpDwCjxr789QphC4ciKQrcw5UA3JbqeDR30aKaRQ/s1600-h/Immrtrtretert.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 149px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiavNKnlAf6ePtd8S5lUf4c6IgmeT5llT1rJWJlne9eaES9wsOAJX0n98zDxfABaWqZl5TYOo4I0jiLrVvDl2fVXM04c7_K8-zPhGN7lpDwCjxr789QphC4ciKQrcw5UA3JbqeDR30aKaRQ/s320/Immrtrtretert.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5295943341604144866" border="0" /></a></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"> </p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"> <span style="font-size:130%;">Quindi:</span></p> <ul><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">Il p</span><span style="font-size:130%;">irofosfato contribuisce a mantenere in soluzione questi composti altrimenti insolubili in H</span><sub><span style="font-size:130%;">2</span></sub><span style="font-size:130%;">O</span></p> </li></ul> <ul><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">Il terzo gruppo fosfato serve da accettore del gruppo ossidrilico –OH del mevalonato che viene rimosso nella defosforilazione che accompagna la decarbossilazione nella 4a reazione</span></p> </li></ul> <ul><li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">Viene perso un atomo di C (come CO</span><sub><span style="font-size:130%;">2</span></sub><span style="font-size:130%;">)</span></p> </li></ul> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">Quindi : </span> </p> <p style="margin-left: 0.64cm; margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"> <span style="font-size:130%;"><b>HMG-CoA reduttasi</b></span><span style="font-size:130%;"> catalizza la </span><span style="font-size:130%;"><i>tappa limitante</i></span><span style="font-size:130%;"> nella via di sintesi del colesterolo. </span> </p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><style type="text/css"> <!-- @page { margin: 2cm } P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } --> </style> </p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>Fase 3</b></span><span style="font-size:130%;">: 6 unita’ isoprenoidi formano squalene</span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVfG0FHaoRS12fclSADfSZNa1bxWUoYQTZ_CEtIR1j273XefGjt5yJXHvtTMD_iXnk0eioMKYUwkGPDvGMMaZUCLEA7nlpOG4bEv38jzWu6iOtijnfJ0ND-seT1pGaVIHG6HSTVuLUjMVk/s1600-h/dsdsdsasa.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 230px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVfG0FHaoRS12fclSADfSZNa1bxWUoYQTZ_CEtIR1j273XefGjt5yJXHvtTMD_iXnk0eioMKYUwkGPDvGMMaZUCLEA7nlpOG4bEv38jzWu6iOtijnfJ0ND-seT1pGaVIHG6HSTVuLUjMVk/s320/dsdsdsasa.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5295943336779946898" border="0" /></a></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><style type="text/css"> <!-- @page { margin: 2cm } P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } --> </style> </p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">2 molecole di Farnesil Pirofosfato danno un legame Testa – Testa a dare PreSqualene pirofosfato:</span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipOTjdUrH2VuEP-ZJCi9JpHdRegVQT7MjMoK-v0nMo7tldVW824HDwvdHK8MtOhXJK3Ueb58N9qkFAbpVVtMcMB2TeaP-3tl2vwuU3h9LTuVj7Iq3wNcj29-f5dvunjcM5EXI0TcLbTgn3/s1600-h/wwww.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 316px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipOTjdUrH2VuEP-ZJCi9JpHdRegVQT7MjMoK-v0nMo7tldVW824HDwvdHK8MtOhXJK3Ueb58N9qkFAbpVVtMcMB2TeaP-3tl2vwuU3h9LTuVj7Iq3wNcj29-f5dvunjcM5EXI0TcLbTgn3/s320/wwww.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5295944966156984562" border="0" /></a></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><style type="text/css"> <!-- @page { margin: 2cm } P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } --> </style> </p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"> <span style="font-size:130%;">che per riduzione dà Squalene:</span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghMAGh6_uzmQYjhrXavbtaQCuLpplXFlnJ2fSvuEzTkR4Wj0kxNI3eLOFPpw3WzBG5aJjNYmDpJ296FO3Rf1-GYM_R_KExfqljb3jjUqyzZxJxhiPPeV31D8Zv_isLCI4txr8l0djcXv-t/s1600-h/eeeeee.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 59px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghMAGh6_uzmQYjhrXavbtaQCuLpplXFlnJ2fSvuEzTkR4Wj0kxNI3eLOFPpw3WzBG5aJjNYmDpJ296FO3Rf1-GYM_R_KExfqljb3jjUqyzZxJxhiPPeV31D8Zv_isLCI4txr8l0djcXv-t/s320/eeeeee.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5295944970117038594" border="0" /></a></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><style type="text/css"> <!-- @page { margin: 2cm } P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } --> </style> </p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">Il passaggio da Squalene a Colesterolo prevede la formazione di lanosterolo:</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><style type="text/css"> <!-- @page { margin: 2cm } P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } --> </style> </p><p style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">2 enzimi coinvolti:</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ7y2DycrFo2iSkXnG2hyphenhyphena9BYk2jzXaDA3lqga8YwOTIkEl4wPhNwBFIMWoVpNLCoGUmpyJpq64jCDbN4ygfPc5YGBxI6FQcDYQl1lIJkutklVbqOJuq3Vl39T8S5rbiqhLzyEKuEZhus8/s1600-h/qqqqqq.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 294px; height: 206px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ7y2DycrFo2iSkXnG2hyphenhyphena9BYk2jzXaDA3lqga8YwOTIkEl4wPhNwBFIMWoVpNLCoGUmpyJpq64jCDbN4ygfPc5YGBxI6FQcDYQl1lIJkutklVbqOJuq3Vl39T8S5rbiqhLzyEKuEZhus8/s320/qqqqqq.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5295944977172961730" border="0" /></a></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"> <span style="font-size:130%;">- squalene monossigenasi (o epossidasi) (</span><span style="font-size:130%;"><b>RE</b></span><span style="font-size:130%;">)</span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoI0hC7NVgfN-tBe5hJlOcmlE4p2mKCfrmVF_NF8o6GcyHzKaqIlUJmy_9Kkh7wjZk8YGpfFafsOdU9kxQB3Biswh01CjUtW48x5un2lSG2xd456TAkn1qRk8VIGqK_3eOQIBuUZFvZN12/s1600-h/sgdfasgdf.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 124px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoI0hC7NVgfN-tBe5hJlOcmlE4p2mKCfrmVF_NF8o6GcyHzKaqIlUJmy_9Kkh7wjZk8YGpfFafsOdU9kxQB3Biswh01CjUtW48x5un2lSG2xd456TAkn1qRk8VIGqK_3eOQIBuUZFvZN12/s320/sgdfasgdf.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5295947264222151154" border="0" /></a></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"> <span style="font-size:130%;">- ciclasi che catalizza la più complessa reazione enzimatica nota (circa 20 passaggi)</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"></p><p style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">Il lanosterolo e’ il primo composto ad avere il nucleo steroideo a 4 anelli</span></p>Di massimo capobianco<br /><p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p>Professionisti della naturahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09500264091312977434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-697420672690104296.post-73976250361119851802009-02-01T03:40:00.000-08:002009-02-01T03:40:00.947-08:00chimica degli steroidi: il colesterolo nel ciclo vitale di eucarioti e procarioti<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimzVOwx2eDSDprTi92-Hs2BRNmPna0UkgK7NHASAmvHqqYCDT8oR_R39b4yMdYAG3vtYPLtNfjKuVdCUjp8W7vkEjGRTnUzY17A5wD0bFJfjAIlNe0DtAFbFyMG5_yPasp2GHwyMfe_-tm/s1600-h/Immagieee.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 291px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimzVOwx2eDSDprTi92-Hs2BRNmPna0UkgK7NHASAmvHqqYCDT8oR_R39b4yMdYAG3vtYPLtNfjKuVdCUjp8W7vkEjGRTnUzY17A5wD0bFJfjAIlNe0DtAFbFyMG5_yPasp2GHwyMfe_-tm/s320/Immagieee.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5295937415452747986" border="0" /></a><style type="text/css"> <!-- @page { margin: 2cm } P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } --> </style> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">Il colesterolo è un ingrediente essenziale della membrana cellulare di tutte le cellule animali: </span> </p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><br /></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">- </span><span style="font-size:130%;">si inserisce fra i due strati di fosfolipidi orientandosi con i gruppi -OH vicini alle teste polari dei fosfolipidi, diminuendo così la fluidità del mosaico (vedi Modello a mosaico fluido) ma aumentando la stabilità meccanica e la flessibilità delle cellule. Così facendo però diminuisce la permeabilità a piccole cellule idrosolubili.</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><br /></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">- Assieme con molecole proteiche il colesterolo regola lo scambio di sostanze messaggere tramite la membrana cellulare.</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><br /></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">- Crescita e divisione cellulare non sono possibili senza colesterolo.</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><br /></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">- Il colesterolo è la sostanza base per la sintesi degli ormoni steroidei come aldosterone, cortisone, testosterone, estradiolo ecc. (vedi ghiandole surrenali e della vitamina D).</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><br /></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">- Il colesterolo prodotto nel fegato viene impiegato in buona parte per la produzione di bile, una sostanza secreta nel duodeno che serve a emulsionare i lipidi alimentari per renderli assorbibili dall'intestino tenue.</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify">Di Massimo Capobianco<br /></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /></span><span style="font-size:130%;"></span> </p>Professionisti della naturahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09500264091312977434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-697420672690104296.post-928162573662296152009-02-01T03:29:00.000-08:002009-02-01T03:29:01.023-08:00Chima degli steroidi: la scoperta del colesterolo e l'etimologia della parola<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdCTGPcf5CSWsu0M3wb2JJASrAp8wxbsJGjr6Bkr4JU9vwuDsIxp0tF68Tn28Vp5UjxMFiTPK4XK_YFjsCs4hzFkPMyOtdCP2DHCk0LzE1H73uqZC-84QPItnGs3HeyqQ0aMi99jdLct1I/s1600-h/Immagineddd.jpg"><style type="text/css"> <!-- @page { margin: 2cm } P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } --></style></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI0f94iza1gYaMbXH7-E7ekuG-3A4LFJX2NxkBHqK7NrcjFXZ4RRLMJdkxqRnfz2_mJnsdnl4xHfzS8yURuVb1y_u4kkaEjunJEf5RbDiuCY1GeyRfbFvIoNgcospuY-q5dfor17Agnjnl/s1600-h/Immagineggg.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 358px; height: 278px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI0f94iza1gYaMbXH7-E7ekuG-3A4LFJX2NxkBHqK7NrcjFXZ4RRLMJdkxqRnfz2_mJnsdnl4xHfzS8yURuVb1y_u4kkaEjunJEf5RbDiuCY1GeyRfbFvIoNgcospuY-q5dfor17Agnjnl/s320/Immagineggg.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5295934632312392898" border="0" /></a><style type="text/css"> <!-- @page { margin: 2cm } P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } --> </style> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:130%;">Il colesterolo</span></span><span style="font-size:130%;"> è uno dei più importanti Steroidi: è una molecola lipidica costituita da quattro anelli di atomi di carbonio e una coda alifatica, oltre ad eventuali gruppi funzionali. </span> </p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">La struttura policiclica di base prende il nome di ciclopentano peridrofenantrene.</span></p><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdCTGPcf5CSWsu0M3wb2JJASrAp8wxbsJGjr6Bkr4JU9vwuDsIxp0tF68Tn28Vp5UjxMFiTPK4XK_YFjsCs4hzFkPMyOtdCP2DHCk0LzE1H73uqZC-84QPItnGs3HeyqQ0aMi99jdLct1I/s1600-h/Immagineddd.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 218px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdCTGPcf5CSWsu0M3wb2JJASrAp8wxbsJGjr6Bkr4JU9vwuDsIxp0tF68Tn28Vp5UjxMFiTPK4XK_YFjsCs4hzFkPMyOtdCP2DHCk0LzE1H73uqZC-84QPItnGs3HeyqQ0aMi99jdLct1I/s320/Immagineddd.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5295934985508317506" border="0" /></a><style type="text/css"> <!-- @page { margin: 2cm } P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } --> </style> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">La parola colesterolo proviene dal greco chole (bile) e stereos (solido), ma è stato utilizzato per la prima volta nel 1894. La desinenza -olo deriva dal fatto che sul C3 del primo anello di carbonio [A] è presente un radicale idrossile .</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"> </p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">La sua presenza era già stata riscontrata nei calcoli della cistifellea già nel 1784, ma solo nel 1975 il premio Nobel John W. Cornforth ha precisato l'orientamento spaziale degli atomi di idrogeno sulla molecola.</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><br /></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">Il colesterolo è indispensabile per la vita animale. Le piante contengono colesterolo solo in lievi tracce e altre sostanze lipidiche strutturalmente simili (fitosterine o fitosteroli).</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><br /></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">L'uomo produce per biosintesi autonoma la maggior parte del colesterolo necessario, negli adulti tra 1 e 2 grammi al giorno. Solo una piccola parte (in media 0,1 fino 0,3, massimo 0,5 grammi) viene assunta con l'alimentazione: la maggior parte del metabolismo del colesterolo avviene nel fegato. Il contenuto di colesterolo nell'organismo umano è di ca. 150 grammi.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">di Massimo Capobianco<br /></span></p>Professionisti della naturahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09500264091312977434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-697420672690104296.post-67924862686996158162009-02-01T03:15:00.000-08:002009-02-01T03:15:01.176-08:00Chimica degli Steroidi : 1 parte generale<style type="text/css"> <!-- @page { margin: 2cm } P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } --> </style> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-family:Batang,바탕,serif;"><span style="font-size:7;"><u><b>Chimica degli Steroidi</b></u></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size:85%;">di Massimo Capobianco</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><br /></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">Con il termine steroide si identifica qualsiasi lipide con quattro anelli di carbonio fusi [policicloalifatici,A,B,C,D] e, spesso, una coda alchilica; sono steroidi il colesterolo, gli ormoni sessuali e gli ormoni corticosurrenali. </span> </p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">Gli steroidi sono biosintetizzati attraverso la via metabolica dell'acido mevalonico.</span></p><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:hyphenationzone>14</w:HyphenationZone> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:donotpromoteqf/> <w:lidthemeother>IT</w:LidThemeOther> <w:lidthemeasian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:lidthemecomplexscript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> <w:splitpgbreakandparamark/> <w:dontvertaligncellwithsp/> <w:dontbreakconstrainedforcedtables/> <w:dontvertalignintxbx/> <w:word11kerningpairs/> <w:cachedcolbalance/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathpr> <m:mathfont val="Cambria Math"> <m:brkbin val="before"> <m:brkbinsub val="--"> <m:smallfrac val="off"> <m:dispdef/> <m:lmargin val="0"> <m:rmargin val="0"> <m:defjc val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent val="1440"> <m:intlim val="subSup"> <m:narylim val="undOvr"> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" defunhidewhenused="true" defsemihidden="true" defqformat="false" defpriority="99" latentstylecount="267"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="0" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Normal"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="heading 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 7"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 8"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 9"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 7"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 8"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 9"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="35" qformat="true" name="caption"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="10" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Title"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="1" name="Default Paragraph Font"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="11" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Subtitle"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="22" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Strong"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="20" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Emphasis"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="59" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Table Grid"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Placeholder Text"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="1" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="No Spacing"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Revision"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="34" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="List Paragraph"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="29" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Quote"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="30" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Intense Quote"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="19" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Subtle Emphasis"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="21" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Intense Emphasis"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="31" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Subtle Reference"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="32" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Intense Reference"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="33" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Book Title"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="37" name="Bibliography"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" qformat="true" name="TOC Heading"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Batang; panose-1:2 3 6 0 0 1 1 1 1 1; mso-font-alt:바탕; mso-font-charset:129; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-1342176593 1775729915 48 0 524447 0;} @font-face {font-family:"Cambria Math"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1107304683 0 0 159 0;} @font-face {font-family:"\@Batang"; panose-1:2 3 6 0 0 1 1 1 1 1; mso-font-charset:129; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-1342176593 1775729915 48 0 524447 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} .MsoChpDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; mso-default-props:yes; font-size:10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:70.85pt 2.0cm 2.0cm 2.0cm; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabella normale"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidcRuayX1TH1jqjvcaRqXc8nHPWPCMyCNWuADGLGkW-TFSm6O-vqd5ZL_VyidXYZxytsMdP6kP4-UG5w4qdolvksfWMf0NGERQbxMC6IKKALeAkPFgo5WYsHW5xNqbJ0Ljoar9R1LzYo6r/s1600-h/Immaginett.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 77px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidcRuayX1TH1jqjvcaRqXc8nHPWPCMyCNWuADGLGkW-TFSm6O-vqd5ZL_VyidXYZxytsMdP6kP4-UG5w4qdolvksfWMf0NGERQbxMC6IKKALeAkPFgo5WYsHW5xNqbJ0Ljoar9R1LzYo6r/s200/Immaginett.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5295931332234575218" border="0" /></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><style type="text/css"> <!-- @page { margin: 2cm } P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } --> </style> </p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">Caratteristica comune è la presenza dei quattro anelli di carbonio, 3 cicli a sei atomi [A,B,C] e 1 ciclo [D] a cinque atomi in disposizione analoga al ciclopentanoperidrofenantrene.</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"> <span style="font-size:130%;">Mentre i diversi steroidi si differenziano per la presenza o l'assenza degli atomi di carbonio identificati dai numeri da 18 in su e per i gruppi funzionali presenti sul resto della struttura:</span></p> <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyyyFlDBtwCd9LbuGbLASRlwZ7xgzqDxnKOwOHhJ7SFaF1Q7fOpo_8hR7y6w4p8OEMVjvd-0X0H3gY-rrM3wcPMGnnZDLmd4MOAgKvvytz4cO_SroDOzZ4KjRXSZ_-L0thV2hSt6t9lguQ/s1600-h/Immaginefff.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 144px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyyyFlDBtwCd9LbuGbLASRlwZ7xgzqDxnKOwOHhJ7SFaF1Q7fOpo_8hR7y6w4p8OEMVjvd-0X0H3gY-rrM3wcPMGnnZDLmd4MOAgKvvytz4cO_SroDOzZ4KjRXSZ_-L0thV2hSt6t9lguQ/s200/Immaginefff.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5295931950384268882" border="0" /></a><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" align="center"><!--[if !mso]> <style> v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} </style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:hyphenationzone>14</w:HyphenationZone> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:donotpromoteqf/> <w:lidthemeother>IT</w:LidThemeOther> <w:lidthemeasian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:lidthemecomplexscript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> <w:splitpgbreakandparamark/> <w:dontvertaligncellwithsp/> <w:dontbreakconstrainedforcedtables/> <w:dontvertalignintxbx/> <w:word11kerningpairs/> <w:cachedcolbalance/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathpr> <m:mathfont val="Cambria Math"> <m:brkbin val="before"> <m:brkbinsub val="--"> <m:smallfrac val="off"> <m:dispdef/> <m:lmargin val="0"> <m:rmargin val="0"> <m:defjc val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent val="1440"> <m:intlim val="subSup"> <m:narylim val="undOvr"> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" defunhidewhenused="true" defsemihidden="true" defqformat="false" defpriority="99" latentstylecount="267"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="0" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Normal"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="heading 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 7"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 8"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 9"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 7"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 8"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 9"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="35" qformat="true" name="caption"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="10" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Title"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="1" name="Default Paragraph Font"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="11" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Subtitle"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="22" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Strong"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="20" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Emphasis"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="59" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Table Grid"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Placeholder Text"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="1" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="No Spacing"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Revision"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="34" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="List Paragraph"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="29" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Quote"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="30" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Intense Quote"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="19" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Subtle Emphasis"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="21" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Intense Emphasis"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="31" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Subtle Reference"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="32" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Intense Reference"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="33" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Book Title"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="37" name="Bibliography"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" qformat="true" name="TOC Heading"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"Cambria Math"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1107304683 0 0 159 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} .MsoChpDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; mso-default-props:yes; font-size:10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:70.85pt 2.0cm 2.0cm 2.0cm; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabella normale"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><style type="text/css"> <!-- @page { margin: 2cm } P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } --> </style> </p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><span style="font-size:130%;">Sono noti centinaia di steroidi diversi, isolati da specie animali e vegetali. Il loro ruolo più importante nei sistemi viventi è quello di fungere da ormoni. Nella fisiologia e nella medicina umana, i più importanti steroidi sono il colesterolo, gli ormoni steroidei, nonché i loro precursori e metaboliti</span></p> <p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:14;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:14;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="75" preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:formulas> <v:path extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" connecttype="rect"> <o:lock ext="edit" aspectratio="t"> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:165pt;"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\dany\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png" title="220px-Mevalonic-acid-2D-skeletal"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><br /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><span style="font-size:11;"><o:p></o:p></span><p></p>Professionisti della naturahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09500264091312977434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-697420672690104296.post-39220337180786406572008-12-30T11:32:00.002-08:002008-12-30T11:32:01.286-08:00Familia Trochodendraceae (= Ordo Trochodendrales)<span style="font-weight: bold;">Familia Trochodendraceae (= Ordo Trochodendrales)</span><br /><br />Sono tutte tropicali. Possiedono fiori ermafroditi con perianzio ridotto.Professionisti della naturahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09500264091312977434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-697420672690104296.post-18852401449938062382008-12-30T11:32:00.001-08:002008-12-30T11:32:00.508-08:00Familia Platanaceae<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.iisalessandrini.it/progetti/erbario/schede/immagini%20alberi/platano/foglia.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 210px; height: 205px;" src="http://www.iisalessandrini.it/progetti/erbario/schede/immagini%20alberi/platano/foglia.jpg" alt="" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Familia Platanaceae</span><br /><br />Il genere Platanus possiede fiori unisessuali estremamente ridotti, riuniti in infiorescenze da cui derivano le infruttescenze. L’ovario è coricarpico.<br />Secondo alcuni autori i fiori estremamente ridotti sono considerati un carattere evoluto che accomuna le platanacee alle fagacee, mentre secondo le analisi cladistiche dell’APG sono un carattere primitivo che accomuna le platanacee alle angiosperme più primitive.Professionisti della naturahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09500264091312977434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-697420672690104296.post-53484935418776482232008-12-30T11:32:00.000-08:002008-12-30T11:32:03.259-08:00Clade delle EudicotiledoneaeClade delle Eudicotiledoneae<br />I caratteri apomorfici che identificano le eudicotiledoni sono: fiori tetra o pentameri, eteroclamidati e gamopetali, polline triaperturato.<br />Gli ordini contenuti in questo clade si riuniscono in gruppi, in base al grado evolutivo:<br />Triaperturatae = Eudicotiledoneae<br />Eudicotiledoneae arcaiche<br />Eudicotiledoneae con caratteri arcaici ed evoluti<br />Eudicotiledoneae superioriProfessionisti della naturahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09500264091312977434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-697420672690104296.post-85326073015553652852008-12-30T11:31:00.000-08:002008-12-30T11:31:01.082-08:00Ordo Proteales<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.tolweb.org/tree/ToLimages/Dendromecon_rigida.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 190px; height: 250px;" src="http://www.tolweb.org/tree/ToLimages/Dendromecon_rigida.jpg" alt="" border="0" /></a><br />Ordo Proteales<br /><br />Le proteali sono l’ordine più primitivo. Comprendono differenti famiglie Platanaceae, Trochodendraceae, Nelumbonaceae e le Proteaceae (tutte esotiche ed utilizzate come piante ornamentali).Professionisti della naturahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09500264091312977434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-697420672690104296.post-21102360963639112732008-12-29T11:25:00.000-08:002008-12-29T11:25:01.316-08:00Ordo Laurales<span style="font-weight: bold;">Ordo Laurales</span><br /><br />Gruppo di alberi con caratteri primitivi. Possiedono un ovario semiinfero e molte cellule secretrici con oli essenziali. Nella famiglia delle Lauraceae sono compresi Laurus nobilis (alloro, dioico), Cinnamomum canphora (canfora, estratta dal legno per sublimazione), Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cannella), Persea gratissima (avocado).Professionisti della naturahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09500264091312977434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-697420672690104296.post-27001423398473698212008-12-28T11:27:00.000-08:002008-12-28T11:31:35.135-08:00Familia Myristicaceae<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.virtualherbarium.org/gl/micheliachampaca98289a.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 454px; height: 491px;" src="http://www.virtualherbarium.org/gl/micheliachampaca98289a.jpg" alt="" border="0" /></a><br /><style type="text/css"> <!-- @page { margin: 2cm } P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } --> </style> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><b>Familia Myristicaceae</b></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify">Comprende <i>Myristica fragrans</i>, la noce moscata. Possiede frutti avvolti da un arillo carnoso, rosso, con endosperma ruminato ed intersecato dalla nucella.</p>Professionisti della naturahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09500264091312977434noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-697420672690104296.post-46522607827422053512008-12-28T11:22:00.001-08:002008-12-28T11:26:31.690-08:00Familia Magnoliaceae<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.cirrusimage.com/Trees/magnoliaceae.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 322px; height: 241px;" src="http://www.cirrusimage.com/Trees/magnoliaceae.jpg" alt="" border="0" /></a><br /><style type="text/css"> <!-- @page { margin: 2cm } P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } --> </style> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><b>Familia Magnoliaceae</b></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify">Comprende <i>Magnolia grandiflora</i>, <i>Liriodendron papirifera</i>. Sono alberi imponenti con caratteri molto primitivi.</p>Professionisti della naturahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09500264091312977434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-697420672690104296.post-67415315954302450492008-12-28T11:22:00.000-08:002008-12-28T11:25:22.173-08:00Familia Degeneriaceae<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.gigantopteroid.org/images/DegRoseDelaikoro.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 212px; height: 319px;" src="http://www.gigantopteroid.org/images/DegRoseDelaikoro.jpg" alt="" border="0" /></a><br /><style type="text/css"> <!-- @page { margin: 2cm } P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } --> </style> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><b>Familia Degeneriaceae</b></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify">Nelle diverse specie del genere <i>Degeneria</i> è visibile l’evoluzione degli stami. L’ovario è primitivo.</p>Professionisti della naturahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09500264091312977434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-697420672690104296.post-60034119853088565732008-12-28T11:20:00.000-08:002008-12-28T11:26:55.629-08:00Ordo MagnolialesOrdo Magnoliales<br /><br />Gruppo di alberi con caratteri molto primitivi. I fiori sono grandi e con organizzazione spiralata, l’ovario è supero e apocarpico.Professionisti della naturahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09500264091312977434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-697420672690104296.post-36596905243448506992008-12-28T11:18:00.000-08:002008-12-28T11:20:13.673-08:00Gruppo dei paleoalberi<style type="text/css"> <!-- @page { margin: 2cm } P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } --> </style> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><b>Gruppo dei paleoalberi</b></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify">Insieme alle paleoerbe costituiscono il gruppo basale più probabile dalle quali sono derivate le altre angiosperme. Alcuni autori pensano che le angiosperme primitive avessero un portamento ad alberello simile a quello di alcuni paleoalberi.</p>Professionisti della naturahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09500264091312977434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-697420672690104296.post-34297793092353862442008-12-28T11:17:00.001-08:002008-12-28T11:18:43.538-08:00Ordo Nympheales<style type="text/css"> <!-- @page { margin: 2cm } P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } --> </style> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><b>Ordo Nympheales</b></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify">Questo ordine non è stato individuato con certezza, comprendono la famiglia delle Nympheaceae (genere <i>Nymphaea</i>, <i>Nuphar luteum</i>). Non hanno cellule secretrici, hanno sepali petaloidei e presentano tutta la serie di passaggio tra petali e stami. Spesso i cotiledoni sono fusi (sincotilia).</p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify">Per Cronquist sono l’anello di congiunzione tra i paleoalberi (o magnolide) e le eudicotiledoni.</p>Professionisti della naturahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09500264091312977434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-697420672690104296.post-51857602883580082062008-12-28T11:14:00.000-08:002008-12-28T11:17:11.706-08:00Ordo Piperales<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Aristolochia_pistolochia2.jpg/250px-Aristolochia_pistolochia2.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 214px; height: 243px;" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Aristolochia_pistolochia2.jpg/250px-Aristolochia_pistolochia2.jpg" alt="" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Ordo Piperales</span><br /><br />Alcuni caratteri le avvicinano alle monocotiledoni, poiché possiedono fiori con stami e perianzio trimeri, il fusto con atactostele ma con fasci aperti (vi è quindi un cambio tra floema e xilema).<br />I caratteri tipici dell’ordine compredono: fiori apetali e cellule secretrici.<br />Compredono la famiglia delle Aristolochiaceae e delle Piperaceae (Piper nigrum, i cui frutti immaturi essicati danno il pepe nero, i frutti maturi e sbucciati danno il pepe bianco).Professionisti della naturahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09500264091312977434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-697420672690104296.post-362382670911186822008-12-27T11:11:00.000-08:002008-12-28T11:13:55.607-08:00Ordo Ceratophyllales<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://linnaeus.nrm.se/botany/fbo/s/bilder/salvi/salvces1.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 386px; height: 584px;" src="http://linnaeus.nrm.se/botany/fbo/s/bilder/salvi/salvces1.jpg" alt="" border="0" /></a><br /><style type="text/css"> <!-- @page { margin: 2cm } P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } --> </style> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><b>Ordo Ceratophyllales</b></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><i>Ceratophyllum </i>è il genere forse più vicino all’angiosperma originaria.</p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" align="justify"><br /></p>Professionisti della naturahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09500264091312977434noreply@blogger.com0